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Ney and NeyzenThe word Ney means reed in Persian. Ney, known in the world by names such as Ney, Nay, Flute, Reed, Naiu, Nayat, Turkish Flute, is derived from the Persian words Nay and Na. in the picture below, you can see the sapling of a reed that will become Ney: What is the meaning of Ney?The meaning of Ney as a musical term is that it is the name of a wind instrument made of Kargı Reed (Arundo Donax) by opening seven holes at certain intervals, six at the front and one at the back, It consists of a başpare attached to the head to filter the sound, It also has hard objects called parazvane attached to the upper and lower parts to prevent damage. In the picture below, you can see Kargı reeds (Arundo Donax) that could be Ney: Areas of use of Kargı Reed:Ney is made from the reed reed we know. However, these reeds must be Kargı Reed (Arundo Donax). Aruno Donax is also used as a raw material source for plant knitting and weaving as well as Ney making. In addition, due to its chemical content and fiber properties, it is potentially a suitable raw material for the cellulose and paper industry and composite board production. It has been proven that it is a lignocellulosic material suitable for the production of rayon, paper, pulp, particle board and bioenergy in traditional medicine. Cultivation areas of Kargı Reed:It is accepted that the Carp Reed is a natural species of Mediterranean countries. Due to its usage areas, it grows or is cultivated in semi-tropical and temperate regions such as India, Burma, China, North and South America, Australia, North and South Africa, the Nile River, the Middle East, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean. The fast and easy growth of this plant, which has been used for various purposes for thousands of years, contributes to its productivity. In our country, Carp Reed naturally spreads in the Aegean, Mediterranean, Marmara and Northeastern Anatolia regions. Today, the reed that can be used as a Ney is most commonly encountered around Hatay and Samandağ. Even today, Ney makers usually obtain their reeds from this region. Samandağ beach is home to two species of sea turtles known as Caretta Caretta and Chelonia Mydas (Green Sea Turtle), which are about to become extinct in the world. You can see the Caretta Caretta example in the picture below. In the picture below you can see an example of Chelonia Mydas. For the sake of nature protection, cutting of Neylik reeds is not allowed in Samandağ for now. I regret to say that recently, Neylik reeds that should be cut in November and December are being cut earlier. We have even come across people cutting Neylik reeds in August. In line with the complaints we have received from us and other Ney makers, cutting Neylik reeds earlier than November has been banned in Samandağ again. Samandağ: In addition, there are Kargı Reeds that can be Ney instruments in Afyon, Kütahya, Adana, Artvin, Aydın, Nazilli, Balıkesir, Bursa, Kocaeli, Manisa, Muğla , Tekirdağ and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Kyrenia). Chemical properties of the Ney instrument:The table below provides information about the chemical properties of the Ney instrument:
The reed that can be a ney, Arundo Donax, is from the Arundinoideae subfamily of the Gramineae family. It is seen as a lignocellulosic raw material source due to its development in different growing conditions all over the world. The ney reed can grow in wetlands as well as in low-quality soils such as moist, gravelly, sandy, heavy clay and even salty soil. I t is also known that it can tolerate severe drought conditions thanks to its high water storage feature and root systems that protect the soil from erosion. The ney, which is widely distributed in the world, is a species that reproduces asexually, consisting of a stem, node and internodes. The internodes are hollow and a leaf is formed from each node. The leaves are 30-100 cm long and 2-7 cm wide. The reeds in the perforated body structure have a diameter of 1-4 cm. The ideal diameter for the ney is between 21 and 28 mm, depending on the length of the head. The ney instrument is a herbaceous plant, but its chemical structure is similar to wood raw material, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives. The bio-oil produced by the prolysis of the reed contains acid, ketone, furan, bezen, sugar, methoxyphenol, dimethoxyphenol and multifunctional compounds, and as monosaccharides; 62.30% glucose, 33.88% xylose,
2% arabinose, 0.84% galactose, 0.65% 4-0 methyl glucuronic acid, 0.35% mannose, diameters between mm. The reed becomes the Ney instrument.Arundo Donax, whose use is thought to date back approximately 5,000 years, has made significant contributions to the development of musical culture. It is assumed that the beginning of the Ney dates back to 3000 BC. You can examine more detailed information about the history of the Ney in the Ney History section. It is also thought that the word Reed for the Ney instrument has Biblical origins and that it is an important instrument in religious terms. As you know, the Ney is an indispensable instrument of Sufi music in Islamic culture. Can every Kargı Reed or Arundo Donax be a Ney instrument? The first reason why Arundo donax is preferred in wind instrument production is its good elasticity resistance and moisture resistance properties. However, in order for these reeds to be a Ney: They must have 9 nodes and be closely spaced. In other words, a reed that can be a Ney must first be a Kargı Reed (Arundo Donax). Secondly, it must have nine nodes. Finally, its intervals must be tight. The difference between the reed and other reeds is that it is short, has frequent nodes and its nodes are close to each other. Arundo Donax or Reed and leaves. The reed can also grow on the edge of a marsh or lake. You can find the quotes in the Resources section of our website. What does Neyzen mean?Neyzen is the name given to the person who plays the Ney instrument, that is, blows the Ney. The term Neyzen is derived from the Persian word "zeden", which means to play, to perform, and it merged with the name Ney and became "Neyzeden". Over the years, the word has rounded up and taken its place as the word Neyzen today. The term Neyzen is used with expressions such as Neyzen Niyazi Sayın or Neyzen Aka Gündüz Kutbay. In the Ottoman period, before the word Ney was used, the Arabic word Nay was used. People who played the Nay were called Nayi. The word Nayi was used with expressions such as Nayi Osman Dede, Nayi Zekai Dede. Our Neys and Ney stand:
What does Neyzenbaşı mean? Neyzenbaşı is the name given to the Neyzen, who serves as the first Neyzen in Mevlevi lodges or places where Mevlevi ceremonies can be held. Neyzenbaşı means a kind of Chief Neyzen. Of course, the Neyzenbaşı must be the best, most senior or most master Neyzen. The Neyzenbaşı takes his place on the far right side of the Voice and Instrument Group (Mutrip) in Mevlevi ceremonies. In the past, the expression Ser -Neyzen or Ser -Nayi was also used for the term Neyzenbaşı. The Ney, which was played while sitting, was also played standing in Mevlevi Ceremonies. In the picture below, you can see an example of a small mutrip group: For us, the Neyzenbaşı is the Neyzen on the right. Ney and MasnaviThere is no doubt that Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi has great importance in the development and spread of the Ney instrument. The name Rumi (Diyar-i Rûm) was added to him later because he settled in Anatolia. Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi compares the Ney instrument to the Perfect Man in his greatest work, Kitâb-ı Mesnevi. Another name for this work, which contains more than twenty-five thousand couplets, is Hüsami-Nâme. Although the name Hüsami-Nâme was given to the Mesnevi because, it was written upon the request of Hüsamiddün Çelebi, it is known as MESNEVI all over the world. Sound Field of Ney Instrument The Ney, an instrument with a sound range of approximately three octaves, starts from the note G (Kaba Rast) below the staff and can go up to D (Tiz Neva) above the staff. Unlike instruments such as the piano or violin, which have a much broader sound range, the Ney does not allow for transposition. F or more detailed information about the sounds of the Ney, you can refer to the Ney Lessons section. What does Dem Sound in Ney mean:The sounds in the lowest octave of the Ney instrument are called Dem Sounds. It is difficult to make dem sounds from the Ney, but these dem sounds have a very impressive timbre. Ney Taksimi in Saba Makam consisting of Dem Sounds:
In the Portrait below, you may see the Dem Sounds from the Rast pitch to the Yegah note: You can enlarge the picture by clicking on it.
In the Portrait below, you can see the Dem Sounds from the pitch of Yegah to the pitch of Rough Rast: You can enlarge the picture by clicking on it.
Ney instrument We will also touch on the subject of Dem sounds in our 14th lesson from our Ney lessons section. On the note page below, you can see the sounds from the C pitch below the porte to the Re pitch above the porte: You can enlarge the picture by clicking on it.
In fact, Neyzen can make the Sôl pitch under Porte even more pestilent. It can be raised up to the F sharp (Rough Evich) pitch below the porte However, this pitch is not usually used in orchestral performances. T he F sharp (Rough Evich) pitch below the porte: In the treble pitches, the E pitch above the porte (Double Mi), the F pitch above the porte (Double Fa) is also removed depending on the Neyzene and Ney, but As I mentioned, it is not used in orchestral performances. These high-pitched and high-pitched sounds produced by Neyzen do not usually match with the sounds of other instruments. E (Treble Hüseyni) pitch above the porte: Double Mi note : Double Fa : Neyzen, holding the Ney at an angle of about 40 to 45 degrees He blows the ney. As you can see, if I give an example from myself, I blow at an angle of 45 degrees. In fact, this blowing angle does not and cannot have a standard. If a Neyzen makes all the sounds according to his own blowing angle and blows in the correct position, We cannot criticise that he bows his head too much or holds his head too high. Just for the sake of a better vision, we should not tilt our head down too much while blowing our Ney. This is a habit acquired in the early days of blowing our Ney. The reed for ney should have nine knuckles. In addition, it should be yellow in colour, hard and dense fibre, smooth and not curved. Not every reed can make Ney with these characteristics. The reeds that will become the ney are cut in autumn and dried for about three months. After this first drying, the canes are cut two knuckles from above and below and put into drying again. This second drying in a closed area takes at least 1 year. Images of the reeds after cutting and removing the bark: After this waiting process, the reeds are at the stage of becoming Ney. The reeds are removed before they dry, T he bent and misshapen ones are separated and the good reeds that will become Ney are determined. Ney makers determine the holes to be drilled for these Neys in advance, mark them and They pierce the reed at certain points in a smooth manner. The reed is now a Ney and They are waiting for a Neyzen who will embrace them. Images of the reeds after drying: If the drying process is less, it may cause warping in the future, There are shrinkages on the outer surface of the cane. However, we cannot immediately understand this situation, that is, whether they are fully dried or not, when we look at the Ney. It is understood after blowing our Ney for a certain period. IMPORTANT NOTE Some Ney makers are trying to produce Neys in a shorter time or to produce more Neys. In a clandestine way to make money Neylik reeds are dried by burning them in the usual picnic tube, even in hot oil. They also darken its colour by inserting and removing it. As in every sector, there are a lot of malicious people in our Ney Making sector. Pay attention when buying a ney: We should buy our ney from a place we can trust. When buying our ney, we should make clear statements such as ‘I will bring it if it bends in the future’. What is a Baspare (head piece)An apparatus called a headpiece is attached to the upper end of the ney for a clearer and sharper sound. In the pictures below, you can see the tooth of a mammoth animal that is a candidate to be a headpiece. Example of a headpiece made of mammoth tusk:
The performance we got from a thumb made of mammoth tusk was equivalent to buffalo horn. I think I am the first among the Neyzen to try this. Neyzen sultans such as Sultan Selim the 3rd and Mehmet the 5th I don't think he used a mammoth tooth headpiece. Because such a head piece is not exhibited in any palace or museum. You can see examples of the Baspare in the picture below. Buffalo horn, ivory, ram's horn, rhinoceros horn are used in the production of the baspare. E bony tree, olive tree, hard African trees, teak tree, hardwoods such as rosewood are used. T he most performance among these is the buffalo horn: In the picture below you can see an example of a baspare made of elephant tusk: Ram horn Ney's, Baspare's The outer diameter (rim), the depth of the chamber on the inner surface (cup) and the outer diameters of the headpâres touching the lip are not standardised. Measurements may vary according to the lip structure and thickness of the Neyzen. The headpâre provides a louder sound. Başpâre is a tradition belonging only to Turkish Neyzen. For example, since Neyzens of Arab origin usually blow small Neys called nısfiye or Piccolo they don't use many thumbpieces. In later times, DELRIN or DERLIN thumbricks are used because of their cheaper cost: Derlin from the Thermoset Plastics group, It is a material used in many places in terms of high mechanical strength. This material, which has a wide range of use with its -50 / + 110 C ° operating temperature range, is easy to process. It is also used in the production of bâşpare. You can see more bâşpare types by clicking on the picture.
Click here for more information about the protection of the thumb. What is Parazvane (parazvana)An apparatus called Parazvana or Parazvâne is attached to both ends of the Ney instrument to prevent it from cracking. Parazvâne protects our Ney against impact or any impact. Especially the Parazvâne we attach to the upper part, It is effective in preventing the reed from cracking while attaching the thumb to our Ney. Parazvane attached to the top of our Ney: Parazvane sample attached to the lower part of our Ney: Parazvane by clicking on the image you can see the variety.
A Neyzen, to produce the intermediate sounds called coma sounds, which are unique to Turkish music, He can blow his Ney in different positions by closing the holes by half or quarter. In some sounds Neyzen, The patient finds comatose sounds with head movements by turning his/her head slightly to the left or to the right. The Ney, one of the two main instruments of Mevlevi music (the other being the Kudüm), is also used in non-religious music genres. There are Neys of various sizes. Each of them has different names. Names from Pest to Tize: Bolahenk, Davut Mabeyn, Davut, Shah, Mansur Mabeyn, Mansur, Kız Mabeyn, Kız, Yıldız, Müstahsen, Süpürde, Bolahenk Mabeyn and Bolahenk Nısfiy. These names are also the names of the tones in Turkish Music. There are twelve types of Ney, seven of which are natural tones and five of which are intermediate tones. If you look at the Ney Types section, you will find more comprehensive information. The Neys that are half the length of these 12 types of Neys and sound one octave higher are called Nısfîye Neys. Nısfiye Neys sound exactly one octave higher, that is, one octave higher. If we count Nısfiye or Piccolo Neys, we can say that there are twenty types of Neys. In the picture below you can see an example of Mansur Nısfiye (LA). You can visit our Ney Types page by clicking on the picture below. These Neys, which are very long and difficult to play, such as Bolahenk and Davut, are mostly used with their nisfes. Neys whose basic tone is flat are called Mabeyn Neys. The general name of Neys with A flat, B flat, Re flat, E flat tones is Mabeyn Neys. For the Ney instrument, the term Ney blowing is used instead of Ney playing. Blowing here has a figurative meaning. The reason is, according to Islam, It stems from the fact that Allah created man by blowing into his soul while creating him. You can click here for Neyzen Zeki Sözen:
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